Voice in speech II
Sep 28, 2026
⋮⋮ Program
- 12.05 Ardern and Trump
- 12.15 Rhetorical tools
- Devices
- Modes of appeal
- 12.25 Rhetorical tools: analysis
- 12.50 Break
- 13.05 Grammatik: Substantiver
- 13.50 Break
- 14.00 Pronunciation
Ardern and Trump
- Describe the differences between the way they speak
Rhetorical tools
- “She speaks in a calm, friendly and respectful way.”
- “She uses “we,” “us” and “our” to include everyone”
- “She gives examples of things like oil spills and nuclear accidents to show how countries affect each other.”
- “She should speak with empathy and responsibility”
- “She should avoid racism, fear and division.”
Devices
- alliteˈration: the repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning of words which are close together
- aˈnaphora: the repetition of one or more words at the beginning of successive clauses
- anˈtithesis: the placing together of opposing words or ideas to show a contrast
- ˈassonance: the repetition of vowel sounds in words which are close together
- ˈmetaphor: an image described by a word or phrase with a concrete meaning but used figuratively
- personifiˈcation: language in which an inanimate object or concept is spoken of as if it had human life
- repetition
- ˈsimile: a figure of speech in which two unlike things are compared using ‘like’ or ‘as’
- the list of three: three things are listed immediately after each other.
- inclusive language: language that addresses or includes the audience, often using pronouns such as ‘we’, ‘us’, and ‘our’
Modes of appeal
- pathos: an appeal to the audience’s emotions using emotional language, passion and a personal angle
- logos: an appeal to reason with arguments, evidence, facts and logical reasoning
- ethos: an appeal to the audience’s trust by sounding eloquent, or by establishing authority or expertise on the subject.
Example “Trump uses antithesis when he says that America rejects globalism and embraces patriotism. This device is used to make a pathos appeal to patriotic feelings, which targets American voters and citizens, who can mediate political change by supporting his nationalist policies and voting for leaders who put America first.”
Rhetorical tools: analysis
- Find 2-3 examples of rhetorical devices in Jacinda Ardern’s speech. Write down the quote and name the device
- For each example, explain which appeal it supports: ethos, pathos or logos. Then explain how the device and appeal help Ardern achieve the purpose of her speech.
Grammatik: Substantiver
Regelmæssige
| Regel | Singularis | Pluralis |
|---|---|---|
| Substantiver, der i singularis ender på en hvislelyd (en s-agtig lyd), får tilføjet -es i pluralis. | glass dish box | glasses dishes boxes |
| Substantiver, der ender på -y efter en konsonant, får tilføjet -ies i pluralis. | family baby sky | families babies skies |
| Nogle substantiver, der ender på -o, tilføjer -es i pluralis. | potato hero tomato | potatoes heroes tomatoes |
| Nogle substantiver, der ender på -f/-fe, ændres til -ves i pluralis. | knife half wife | knives halves wives |
Uregelmæssige
| Regel | Singularis | Pluralis |
|---|---|---|
| Ved nogle substantiver ændres vokalen. | man foot mouse | men feet mice |
| Nogle substantiver tager endelsen -en. | child ox | children oxen |
| Nogle substantiver har samme form i singularis og pluralis. | sheep deer series | sheep deer series |
| Nogle substantiver, der er låneord, beholder latinsk/græsk pluralisendelse. | hypothesis phenomenon cactus | hypotheses phenomena cacti |
Øvelser
- Lav lektie på minlæring.dk
- Find substantiver i Jacinda Ardern teksten, og markér om de står i singularis eller pluralis
Pronunciation
- Listen to the video of Ardern and Trump again, and pick one excerpt - from either Ardern or Trump - that you would like to try an imitate. Listen to that excerpt carefully, sentence by sentence, and notice how the speaker stresses each word in the sentence.
- When you are ready, individually record your perfect reading/imitation of the paragraph. Use e.g. Audacity
- Listen to your recording back to back with the audiobook and notice any deviations.
- Practise deviations found in 3. and re-record your reading.